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Philosophy and Children Editor Notes Society

Philosophy and Children Editor Notes Society Manuscript profile

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2 - Practicing Creativity at Home and School
Alireza Amin

It is generally believed that creativity is an inborn talent that coexists with men since their birth, so others should only begrudge such merits. But such impression is totally wrong and unfounded belief. Creativity is a skill that everybody can learn, exercise, and ap More

It is generally believed that creativity is an inborn talent that coexists with men since their birth, so others should only begrudge such merits. But such impression is totally wrong and unfounded belief. Creativity is a skill that everybody can learn, exercise, and apply it. Creativity is just like skiing, playing tennis, cooking or learning mathematics. So everybody can learn these skills and improve themselves through exercising them. But, at the end, all may not succeed to learn these skills equally. Accordingly, given the importance of creativity, some communities since long ago have sorted out certain strict plans to foster the creativity of their people. Since the development of creativity needs proper environment and atmosphere, it is necessary to adopt various methods. The present paper is an attempt to elaborate these points and by referring to the way of developing creativities, seeks to be familiar with the definition, importance and obstacles of creativity. Manuscript profile

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3 - Cognitive Development Theories of Children as Viewed by Four Iranian Philosophers (Farabi, Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi, and Mulla Sadra)
Nawab Moqarrabi

In dealing with the philosophers of any school of thought we should not contend ourselves with explaining and unraveling their views and teachings only. Rather, we proceed to ask ourselves that had they been alive today how could they look at our present problems with t More

In dealing with the philosophers of any school of thought we should not contend ourselves with explaining and unraveling their views and teachings only. Rather, we proceed to ask ourselves that had they been alive today how could they look at our present problems with their own philosophical and epistemological spectacles? How this world and its problems would loom up before them and which solutions they would sort out as the way out. Hence, the present paper is an attempt to explore various cognitive development theories of children based on the foregoing viewpoint on philosophy and philosophers. To do so, four major Iranian philosophers have been selected in this study and their views on cognitive development theory have been assessed. As a matter of fact, early Iranian philosophers had no specific view or independent work on cognitive development, but if it is supposed to explore their views on this issue we should first of all try to deal with their epistemology, which in the tradition of Iranian philosophy is called “self-knowledge”. Following the introduction of “Philosophy and Children” to Iranians, most of the respective people hastily sought to hold workshops and communities of inquiry in schools and research centers in order to analyze it statistically and descriptively without assessing critically its foundations, principles, and background, most of which seemed to be inconsistent with our culture and Iranian philosophy. Seemingly, both proponents and opponents of “Philosophy and Children” are unaware of its theoretical principles. In this paper, for the first time, cognitive development theories of children will be studied critically in the context of Iranian philosophy with reference to the views of four great Iranian philosophers such as Farabi, Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi, and Mulla Sadra. It is impossible and illogical to lay the foundation of any new philosophical system without tracing its background and foundations to its culture, for acquiring any knowledge based on which the end of any action is attainable is possible only through a previous knowledge. Manuscript profile

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4 - Worship, Education, and Philosophy and Children
Moslem Shojae

Basically, man’s need for praying and worship is rooted in his inmost being. Indeed, man by nature tends to worship God. Such inclination in man is not something alien to him, but is something internal, for had it been otherwise the concept of worshiping God would have More

Basically, man’s need for praying and worship is rooted in his inmost being. Indeed, man by nature tends to worship God. Such inclination in man is not something alien to him, but is something internal, for had it been otherwise the concept of worshiping God would have been failed to be realized. In order to persuade its followers to worship God and attain spiritual perfection Islam prescribes certain rules. In Islamic thought man is considered to be the vicegerent of God on earth. In order to materialize such station the ground must be prepared from the childhood for assuming such assignment in the adulthood period. Accordingly, it is necessarily to teach the philosophy of praying and worship to man from the childhood and bring him up in the lap of Islamic teachings. The aim of this paper is to explore the notion of praying and worship, education, and Philosophy and Children in an analytic-descriptive manner. It also deals with certain issues such as the reality of worshiping and its impact upon man, the effects of praying and worship in life, the motive of worship, its roots and fruits, its contents, the importance of education and philosophical thought for children, and the role of philosophical education of children in attracting their attention towards praying and worship. Concluding that like all men, children also possess thinking power. Moreover, by nature they are curious as well. By directing their curiosity it is possible to bring them up as creative scholars. Creativity can develop their intellectual capacity. It is by means of this method that children turn up to be thinker and critic, and then learn to know how by criticizing an idea to direct their thought towards a better one in their creative nature. On the contrary, failing to foster their creative thought will bring in its wake a kind of imitative state in conduct and finally cease their critical and thinking power. Manuscript profile

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5 - Philosophy and Children and the Skill of Communicative Conduct with the Followers of other Religions
Mahdi Ganjvar

Nowadays one of the main concerns of philosophers is to apply philosophy to our daily life for which extensive measures have been taken up so far in certain teaching and research centers. In this regard the attempts made by the founders of Philosophy and Children to rec More

Nowadays one of the main concerns of philosophers is to apply philosophy to our daily life for which extensive measures have been taken up so far in certain teaching and research centers. In this regard the attempts made by the founders of Philosophy and Children to reconcile philosophy with society are remarkable. Though “Philosophy and Children” from the outset tended to ethics, it seems that the effect of such educational program on the augmentation of behavioral skills and interplay of children with their fellow men, in spite of its importance and necessity, remain unnoticed from the view of the experts and researchers. Accordingly, the present paper proceeds to give a critical analysis of the epistemological geometry of “Philosophy and Children” and also explains the role and impact of this program on the enforcement of communicative conduct of children with others. Drawing and presenting effective components for the augmentation of their skills in communicating with the followers of other religions are among the important achievements of the present work. The other achievements are: respecting the rights of fellow men and the opponents, bring about an atmosphere for free thinking (freedom of thinking and expression), enforcing the EQ of children, teaching the peaceful coexistence with others, and commitment of children to morality (avoiding bigotry and unduly imitation). The method of this work is analytic-deductive. Manuscript profile

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6 - A Study of the Necessity of Teaching Logical Thinking to Muslim Children
Khadijeh Shahidi Marani

“Philosophy and Children” entered our country as a ready-made commodity and as a plan of teaching thinking to children, while it had crossed various stages in its birthplace in order to attain such level. All these stages had a determining role in the formation of such More

“Philosophy and Children” entered our country as a ready-made commodity and as a plan of teaching thinking to children, while it had crossed various stages in its birthplace in order to attain such level. All these stages had a determining role in the formation of such a plan. One of the earlier stages was the very sense of need and necessity for teaching correct thinking to the children. Intellectual education is a subject of certain interdisciplinary sciences such as education and logical and philosophical studies to the extent that both these sciences directly involve themselves in this issue. It also is an attempt to explore the data collected through observations and classified in a cluster method for analyzing and interpreting them in a qualitative way. The present paper tends to highlight the importance and necessity of teaching correct thinking to Muslim children which are pursued in two main sections as followed: first, “our children can think” (even they can criticize other’s thoughts). In order to prove this assertion, namely possibility of developing of logical thinking in children, the author refers to certain sayings of Iranian Muslim children and tries to analyze them; the sayings that contain certain logical and valid demonstrations that have clear definitions in logic. Second, “sometimes our children commit mistake in their thinking”. In order to demonstrate this issue author should refer to certain logical errors among children and try to explain them. This introduction prompts us to reach the conclusion that given the intrinsic talent and capacity of children it is necessary to augment their skill of logical thinking through “teaching thinking power to Muslim children”. Manuscript profile

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7 - A Study of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Mathnawi’s Stories (Sixth Book) on Philosophy for Children
Zahra Satar Panahi Zaynab Barkhordari

Stories are used for different purposes. Today stories are particularly used to increase thinking and reasoning power. Indeed, they are the means of teaching philosophy for children (Lipman’s method). On the other hand, original and deep-rooted Persian culture has been More

Stories are used for different purposes. Today stories are particularly used to increase thinking and reasoning power. Indeed, they are the means of teaching philosophy for children (Lipman’s method). On the other hand, original and deep-rooted Persian culture has been always associated with story literature. Mathnawi is considered to be one of the best sources of Persian stories replete with a lot of profound and instructive teachings, and naturally can be effective in cognitive and sentimental development of children. Applying Mathnawi’s stories in communities of inquiry and using them in teaching philosophy for children, apart from promoting discursive and curious skills of children, can be effective in bringing about a thinking child as well. Moreover, these stories, owing to their provocative contents, usually replete with queries and philosophical challenges, and in certain cases, on account of enjoying certain figures akin to children, can be effective in teaching philosophy for children. Inefficient points of these stories in many cases are resolvable. Being indigenous is a kind of privilege to these stories in applying them for teaching philosophy for children. Manuscript profile

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8 - The Impact of Teaching Program of Philosophy for Children upon the Development of Critical Thinking in Using Cyberspace
Maryam Solgi

Education is considered to be one of the most important activities of human being in all communities. The increasing spread of social structure and the demand for training and preparing the people for a life in progress on the one hand, and the existence of different ap More

Education is considered to be one of the most important activities of human being in all communities. The increasing spread of social structure and the demand for training and preparing the people for a life in progress on the one hand, and the existence of different approaches concerning the role of man in the present age on the other hand, more than ever, have prompted the upholders of teaching systems to undertake the guidance and organization of teaching process. Modern education seeks to focus on promoting critical and proper methods of reasoning and thought in curriculum. Rapid changes of societies, increasing growth of information, intrusion of cyberspace into human life and necessity of proper confrontation with these changes prompt us to think properly and develop our imaginal faculty and judgment in order to come to term with these changes. In this regard, three decades ago, a program of teaching philosophy for children was worked out in order to modify and strengthen their intellectual power. This program is considered to be one of the latest methods for strengthening the reasoning, judging and detecting power of children as well. Moreover, this program possesses certain cognitive and social objectives and its main objective is to teach thinking method for children. To meet this end, a kind of qualitative method of study has been adopted in collecting data in this work. The conclusions of this study indicate that in this program a great attention has been made to various dimensions of philosophical mind. But keeping in view the changes in the field of internet technologies and cyberspaces and the confrontation of children with these developments, they should be guided through this program toward criticizing the information that come to their mind. More important, threat of cyberspace against children is an important factor for drawing the attention of the educationists to this crucial issue. Manuscript profile

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9 - A Comparative Study of the Anthropological Principles of Ibn Sina and Matthew Lipman
Meisam Fallahi

The main objective of this paper is to make a comparative study of the anthropological principles of Ibn Sina and Matthew Lipman. This study is based on an analytic-descriptive and deductive method, for which data were collected from the libraries. First, the components More

The main objective of this paper is to make a comparative study of the anthropological principles of Ibn Sina and Matthew Lipman. This study is based on an analytic-descriptive and deductive method, for which data were collected from the libraries. First, the components of man from the perspective of Ibn Sina and Lipman are discussed, and then proceeded to elaborate their common and different points on man. According to the conclusion of this work, there are certain agreements and disagreements between them on the issue of man. They agree that man is a rational being, possessing will power, and also enjoying a kind of natural, biological and sensible features, along with individual and social identity. Man is also subjected to a perpetual change and transformation. As for their disagreements, each of them presents his own view on the beginning and end of man. One of their main differences on man pertains to the very proper age for commencing philosophical thinking. Manuscript profile

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10 - Philosophical Patterns of Irano-Islamic Way of Training Children
Masoomeh Zabihi

The presence of philosophy in Irano-Islamic thought differentiates the pattern of training of Iranian children with other nations. Since old time, philosophy considered to be the link between education and human civilization. The history of the human civilization also s More

The presence of philosophy in Irano-Islamic thought differentiates the pattern of training of Iranian children with other nations. Since old time, philosophy considered to be the link between education and human civilization. The history of the human civilization also supports the view that Iran has been always the cradle of civilization, science, and philosophy, and following the rise of Islam, it succeeded to develop its activity anew and presented its achievements to the world. In the lap of Islam, philosophical education of Iranians reached its zenith and maturity, and succeeded to leave behind certain particular patterns that have been followed by other nations, to the extent that, had there been no Iranian nationalistic feelings, other nations would have registered these patterns in their own names in the history of their culture. The present paper is an attempt to address these patterns, and review the impact of Irano-Islamic culture on them. Manuscript profile

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11 - Iranian Disposition of the Transcendent Philosophy and its Application to the Fundamental Transformation of Education
Nawab Moqarrabi

A great deal of research works have been carried out so far on the Transcendent Philosophy which symbolizes Iranian philosophy. But in spite of all these efforts still a basic question remained unnoticed, that is, what is the Iranian disposition of Mulla Sadra who seems More

A great deal of research works have been carried out so far on the Transcendent Philosophy which symbolizes Iranian philosophy. But in spite of all these efforts still a basic question remained unnoticed, that is, what is the Iranian disposition of Mulla Sadra who seems to be the last systematic and paradigm maker of the history of Iranian philosophy? What is the specific and essential feature of Mulla Sadra that sifts him from other philosophers of different cultures? On the other hand, it is a fact that if the Transcendent Philosophy is supposed to come out of the shelves of the libraries and play an effective role in people’s daily lives, it should be able to bring about a fundamental change in education, i.e. change in philosophical approach towards education, instead of grappling with certain useless and sterile theoretical discussions This paper is an attempt first to revise the salient features of Mulla Sadra’s Transcendent Philosophy, and then proceed to apply it to certain new teaching programs like that of philosophy and children which has totally a different attitude towards education in Iran and the world. Manuscript profile

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12 - Meditative Thinking in a Research Circle of Teaching Program of “Philosophy and Children”
Laya Raimzadeh Masumeh Samadi Fahimeh Ansarian

Meditative thinking is considered to be an intellectual, moral, emotional and normative skill, based on validation and active participation in a society along with a bit concern for the expansion of public good which alongside the critical and creative thinking can pave More

Meditative thinking is considered to be an intellectual, moral, emotional and normative skill, based on validation and active participation in a society along with a bit concern for the expansion of public good which alongside the critical and creative thinking can pave the way for the growth of intellectual analysis power. Thankful, normative, emotional, active, and sympathetic thinking are among the components of meditative thinking in a society. To change and promote the students beliefs in the phenomenon of meditation is an undeniable necessity and facilitating missions for the psychological well-being and intellectual growth of students in the research circles. The present article aims at defining the meditative thinking in research circle of teaching of philosophy and children, based on certain relevant sources. Research methodology of the work is analytic-descriptive of theoretical foundations for explaining the concept of meditative thinking, its use in promoting this kind of thinking in research circle of teaching philosophy and children. The sample for this analysis is selected under two pre-conditions of being new and fundamental and collected sources from the libraries. Manuscript profile

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13 - Facilitating Principles in Philosophy and Children Corresponding to Islamic Thought
Iman Dindar Isfahani

Today philosophy for children is an issue that has drew the attention of different communities to itself, for through this program it is possible to impart various teaching to children, and bring them up with creative and critical thinking. In Iran this program initiate More

Today philosophy for children is an issue that has drew the attention of different communities to itself, for through this program it is possible to impart various teaching to children, and bring them up with creative and critical thinking. In Iran this program initiated by Sadra Islamic Philosophy Research Institute (Siprin) in 1994, following which it proceeded to work out an Iranian version of this philosophical program. The present article makes an attempt to give an account of the program of philosophy and children in the following sections: 1- tutor, 2- time table, 3- environment, 4- method of beginning discussion, 5- thinking, 6- method and form of presentation, 7- content. In this paper the authors seeks to deal with the notion of tutor as a facilitating role in detail. This program have been formulated formally in the West and it is possibly tinged with Western ideas, so it requires to be localized and consorted with native culture, namely Iranian tradition. Moreover, Islam has reiterated the intellectual upbringing of man and there are sufficient Islamic resources which contain certain principles, methodology, content, etc. on the basis of which one can work out an indigenous program consorted with its culture. The present work is based on a library work and is regarded as a small example of the present capacity. Manuscript profile

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14 - The Necessity of “Philosophy and Children” as Tested by Islamic Thought with Reference to the Present Potentialities of Islamic Culture
Iman Dindar Isfahani Mehdi Mansuri

The method of “philosophy and Children” turned out to be one of the modern methods that today not only have been appreciated in the field of education, but also have been used in different societies. The objective of this program is to bring up certain critical and crea More

The method of “philosophy and Children” turned out to be one of the modern methods that today not only have been appreciated in the field of education, but also have been used in different societies. The objective of this program is to bring up certain critical and creative thinking in children as is stressed by Islam as well. On the basis of the principles of Islamic training and from the perspective of Religious texts, intellectual training should be commenced from the childhood, which exactly can meet the goal of the program of “Philosophy and Children”. As a matter of fact, the present program of the philosophy for children is affected by Western society, for instance we can easily detect the trace of pragmatist and pluralistic views in them. With respect to these intellectual roots, the existence of copious capacities in the religious seminaries, and their principles, methods, and contents in Islamic-Iranian culture, it is befitting to localize the program of “Philosophy and Children” in accordance with Islamic-Iranian culture. Manuscript profile

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15 - Place of the Art of Dialectic in the Program of “Philosophy and Children”: An Explanation
Ali Asghar Jafari Valani Mahya Mehrjedi

The concept of philosophy is closely intertwined with the concept of intellectualization. Moreover, the way of transmitting thought from the realm of subject to the realm of object has been the inevitable concern of thinkers. A question may arise in our mind as to how c More

The concept of philosophy is closely intertwined with the concept of intellectualization. Moreover, the way of transmitting thought from the realm of subject to the realm of object has been the inevitable concern of thinkers. A question may arise in our mind as to how can we express our ideas so that to be perceivable to the lovers of philosophy? On the one hand, the technique of choosing proper terms, the way of chapter wising and referring to philosophical ideas, all acknowledge the close relationship between art and philosophy. On the other hand, in the program of “philosophy and children” the way of developing stories and rising questions as well as the style of speaking of teachers indicate the use of a kind of art in this field. Dialectic or conversation in the program of “philosophy and children” is one of the basic principles and if we succeed to apply exactly the art of dialectic to attain exact definitions of philosophical concepts then we can concede our relative success in implementing this program. The present work, by reviewing the pattern of critical thinking and giving a brief account of the program of “philosophy and children”, intents to explain the place of the art of dialectic in the program of “philosophy and children”. Manuscript profile

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16 - Teaching Intellection to the Children in Rumī’s Mathnawī
Fatemeh Bandalizadeh Zohreh Hosaini Khamenei Ehsan Gheisari

The main objective of the present work is to explore the views of Rumī concerning the teaching of intellection to the children. In his view human intellection is rooted in the divine revelation. Indeed, in his view human intellect is complemented by the revelation so, i More

The main objective of the present work is to explore the views of Rumī concerning the teaching of intellection to the children. In his view human intellection is rooted in the divine revelation. Indeed, in his view human intellect is complemented by the revelation so, in order to attain intellectual perfection, man from the beginning was in need of a perfect guide such as God. Rumī followed the same path in his approach to children. Children usually enjoy certain limited experience and are endowed with honesty and purity in their characters and have nothing to do with the adult’s mischievousness and impurities. Childhood in Rumī’s poems is considered the symbol of a period that man has not yet attained his beloved. In this stage a lover is in need of a mediator, similarly, children in this stage need to learn the way of thinking. With reference to Rumī’s Mathnawī the present article seeks to draw Rumī’s views in this regard. In this article we try to take some step in the field of education of children and behold the actualization of their potencies. Manuscript profile

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17 - A Study of the Principles of an Approach for Promoting Children Perception of Environment through Environmental Art
Faezeh Hasani Helm

Today, a modern and strategic approach has come out for teaching the environmental concepts to the children which is based on environmental art. The aim of this approach is to turn the environmental crisis into a thoughtful discourse for deepening our understanding, imp More

Today, a modern and strategic approach has come out for teaching the environmental concepts to the children which is based on environmental art. The aim of this approach is to turn the environmental crisis into a thoughtful discourse for deepening our understanding, improving the techniques, nourishing our feeling and sentiments in order to have a different and fresh view towards the relationship between man and environment. The present article proceeds to study the principles of various solutions through which we can apply it to environmental art which leads to the enhancement of environmental understanding of children. Accordingly, the present work follows a descriptive- analytic method according to which the role of art creations and researches in nature will be used to promote the environmental awareness of children. The findings of this work indicate that environmental art by establishing easy relationship with the audiences by taking into account the objective, empirical, and reflective consideration can turn out to be a suitable method for children in their approach towards the environment. One of the main features of this approach is that it is based on visual, symbolic and conceptual method of environmental art versus mere scientific method of certain approaches. Manuscript profile

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18 - The Role of Family in the Transformation and Formation of Identity in Children
Zahra Taghyzade Ghavam Kobra Ahmadvand Zohreh Zohreh Ahmadi

One of the fundamental issues of modern world is the issue of identity and the present article try to deal with it in children. Children are the most vulnerable part of society. Family is the first stage in which man seeks to know himself and regain his identity in inte More

One of the fundamental issues of modern world is the issue of identity and the present article try to deal with it in children. Children are the most vulnerable part of society. Family is the first stage in which man seeks to know himself and regain his identity in interplay with his family members. Accordingly, family is very important for regaining identity. The present article tries to study some of the important family problems then proceeds to study the impact of family on regaining the identity of children with reference to the various levels of coherence, flexibility of family, employment of mothers and children, on the whole their exploitation in lower ages, way of bringing up children in a family and quantitative changes in a family in the absence of one of the parents or both of them. All these play significant role in the formation and transformation of the identity of children. Manuscript profile

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19 - Philosophical Explanation of the Strategy of Creative Teaching of Natural Sciences in Schools with Reference to the Program of “Philosophy & Children”
Fatemeh Bandalizadeh

The age of childhood and youth is the best period for social, emotional, and cognitive growth of children. On the one hand it constitutes the basis of human life, that is, what man has gained during the last centuries is due to his thinking power which played a decisive More

The age of childhood and youth is the best period for social, emotional, and cognitive growth of children. On the one hand it constitutes the basis of human life, that is, what man has gained during the last centuries is due to his thinking power which played a decisive role in his growth. Therefore, all his successes and progresses are rooted in his creative thinking. In this line the present article makes attempt to carry out a philosophical explanation of the strategy of creative teaching of natural sciences in schools with reference to the program of “Philosophy & Children”. The method of the work is analytic-descriptive based on library sources including laws, books, thesis, national and international articles. According to the findings of the article, creative thinking plays an important role in natural sciences. Accordingly, traditional method in teaching natural sciences, not only prevents the growth of critical thinking, but also brings about a gap between the programs and their implementations. Therefore, the only solution is to make a change in the way of teaching this science with reference to the program of “Philosophy & Children” and following a philosophical approach in teaching natural science. Manuscript profile

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20 - Philosophical Training of Children
Hosein Ataie

Plato in his Republic and Laws while describing the foundations of his ideal city, stressed that the training of people should commence from their childhood. Drawing attention to children as started from earlier ages extended to the contemporary period as well. Here a q More

Plato in his Republic and Laws while describing the foundations of his ideal city, stressed that the training of people should commence from their childhood. Drawing attention to children as started from earlier ages extended to the contemporary period as well. Here a question may arise as why did philosophers concern about the training of children? Whether children also should follow the same ethical rules that elders do or they have to follow particular ethical rules? The present article, with reference to Islamic-Iranian thinking, tries to study the importance of philosophical approach in training children, and stress the necessary of philosophical training in religious training and outline the principles of philosophical training. But first the concept of training should be clarified. Manuscript profile

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21 - Rights of Children in the Period of Crisis and Quarantine
sina Turkashvand

In his social life, man needs physical, spiritual, and economic security. Similarly, children also whose physical, intellectual and social growth begins in their early ages need particular attention and protection spiritually and physically. These attempts should have t More

In his social life, man needs physical, spiritual, and economic security. Similarly, children also whose physical, intellectual and social growth begins in their early ages need particular attention and protection spiritually and physically. These attempts should have their own proper concepts and patterns, that is, they should have protective aspects by considering children’s weakness in attaining their rights to the extent that the elders feel the necessary of protecting them. Accordingly, this work tries to explain the rights of children in the period of crisis and quarantine. Attention to the rights of children was not only the concern of present societies, this is the main concern of Islam as well. For instance, respecting children, avoiding violence against children, mistreatment of children and making discrimination are among the teachings of Islam. The method of this work is analytic-descriptive. According to the findings of this work, in the period of crisis and quarantine the rights of play are denied for children. Moreover, harassing children by elders will increase and their moral and training rights will be missed. According to these research children in the period of crisis and quarantine are not able to attain their rights as compare to the elders, for their rights always denied by the elders and since they depend on their elders they cannot complain legally. Explaining the rights of children in the period of crisis and quarantine indicate the basic needs of children and it is the duty of family, society, and government to meet their demand and require executive plan for protecting children. Manuscript profile

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